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A prize-centered research knowledge base Inspired by brilliance. Imagine beyond. 以诺奖官网 Summary、Facts 与完整 Work 为骨架，连接科学问题、关键突破、一手资料与可比较的研究维度。
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761 Laureates
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154 Lecture slide decks
浏览奖项 主题索引 方法迁移 专题文章 All disciplines Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Economic Sciences Newest first Oldest first
2025 Chemistry
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Designable porous crystals that capture, store and separate molecules.
材料科学 催化
2025 Economic Sciences
Innovation-Driven Economic Growth How technological progress and creative destruction sustain long-run growth.
宏观经济与增长
2025 Physiology or Medicine
Peripheral Immune Tolerance How regulatory T cells prevent the immune system from attacking the body.
免疫学
2025 Physics
Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling Quantum tunnelling and quantised energy revealed in a superconducting electric circuit.
量子物理
2024 Chemistry
Protein Design · Structure Prediction Designing new proteins and predicting three-dimensional structure from amino-acid sequences.
生物化学与分子生物学 计算与人工智能
2024 Economic Sciences
Institutions · Prosperity How inclusive and extractive institutions create persistent differences in national prosperity.
制度与政治经济
2024 Physiology or Medicine
microRNA · Gene Regulation Tiny non-coding RNAs that regulate gene activity after transcription.
遗传学与基因组学
2024 Physics
Artificial Neural Networks Hopfield networks and Boltzmann machines that laid foundations for modern machine learning.
物理学 计算与人工智能
2023 Chemistry
Quantum Dots Size-tunable semiconductor nanocrystals whose colour and properties are governed by quantum confinement.
量子物理
2023 Economic Sciences
Women’s Labour-Market Outcomes Historical evidence explaining how structural change, social norms and parenthood shaped women’s employment and earnings.
经济学
2023 Physiology or Medicine
Nucleoside-Modified mRNA Vaccines RNA base modifications that suppress unwanted inflammation and enable efficient protein production in vaccines.
免疫学 医学与治疗
2023 Physics
Attosecond Light Pulses Ultrashort light pulses that make electron motion observable on its natural time scale.
原子与光学物理
2022 Chemistry
Click & Bioorthogonal Chemistry Reliable molecular reactions that snap building blocks together, even inside living systems.
化学
2022 Economic Sciences
Banks and Financial Crises Theory and historical evidence explaining why banks exist, why runs occur and how bank failures can deepen economic crises.
金融与市场
2022 Physiology or Medicine
Ancient Genomes and Human Evolution Ancient DNA revealed Neanderthals, Denisovans, and their enduring genetic legacy in modern humans.
生理学与医学
2022 Physics
Entangled Photons Experiments that ruled out local hidden-variable explanations and turned quantum entanglement into an information resource.
量子物理 信息与通信
2021 Chemistry
Asymmetric Organocatalysis Small organic molecules that selectively build one mirror-image form while making synthesis simpler and greener.
化学 催化
2021 Economic Sciences
Natural Experiments & Causal Inference Real-world policy variation and transparent methods for answering causal questions about labour markets and society.
计量经济与因果识别 实验与因果方法
2021 Physiology or Medicine
Temperature and Touch Receptors TRP and PIEZO ion channels reveal how heat, cold, and mechanical force become nerve signals.
生理学与医学
2021 Physics
Climate and Complex Systems Physical models that exposed human-driven warming and hidden order in disordered systems.
物理学 能源与气候
2020 Chemistry
CRISPR–Cas9 Genome Editing A programmable genetic-scissors system that lets researchers cut DNA at chosen sites and rewrite the code of life.
遗传学与基因组学 分子与遗传工具
2020 Economic Sciences
Auction Theory & Market Design How theories of bidding under uncertainty led to better auctions for complex public resources.
微观经济与决策 政策与市场设计
2020 Physiology or Medicine
Discovery of Hepatitis C Virus Evidence for an unknown transfusion-borne virus, its genome, and its ability to cause hepatitis made hepatitis C diagnosable and curable.
生理学与医学
2020 Physics
Black Holes Theory and precision stellar observations showed that black holes form and that one dominates the Milky Way’s centre.
天体物理与宇宙学
2019 Chemistry
Lithium-Ion Batteries Three advances turned lithium's energy density into the lightweight, rechargeable batteries that power portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable-energy storage.
化学 能源与气候
2019 Economic Sciences
Evidence for Fighting Poverty Field experiments transformed how development economics tests which interventions improve the lives of people in poverty.
贸易与发展经济 实验与因果方法
2019 Physiology or Medicine
Cellular Oxygen Sensing An oxygen-sensitive HIF–VHL mechanism switches gene activity to help cells adapt to low oxygen.
遗传学与基因组学
2019 Physics
Cosmos and Other Worlds A new physical cosmology and the first exoplanet around a solar-type star reshaped our place in the universe.
天体物理与宇宙学
2018 Chemistry
Directed Evolution Harnessing genetic variation and selection to create improved enzymes and targeted antibody medicines.
化学 医学与治疗
2018 Economic Sciences
Nature and Knowledge in Economic Growth Models explain how innovation and climate change shape long-run economic growth and guide public policy.
宏观经济与增长 能源与气候
2018 Physiology or Medicine
Immune Checkpoint Cancer Therapy Blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1 releases immune-system brakes, enabling T cells to attack tumours.
免疫学 医学与治疗
2018 Physics
Tools Made of Light Optical tweezers and chirped pulse amplification turned laser light into precise tools for biology, medicine and research.
原子与光学物理
2017 Chemistry
Cryo-Electron Microscopy Three foundational advances made it possible to image biomolecules in solution at high resolution, moving biochemistry into a new era.
化学 显微技术
2017 Economic Sciences
Behavioral Economics Psychology-informed economics explains how people actually make decisions and how policy can help them act on long-term goals.
微观经济与决策
2017 Physiology or Medicine
Circadian Clock Mechanisms Fruit-fly clock genes revealed the self-regulating molecular feedback loops that align biology with day and night.
遗传学与基因组学
2017 Physics
Cosmic Chirps LIGO’s first direct detection of gravitational waves opened a new way to observe the universe.
天体物理与宇宙学
2016 Chemistry
Molecular Machines Mechanically interlocked molecules and directed molecular motion made it possible to build the smallest machines.
有机化学
2016 Economic Sciences
Contract Theory A framework for designing incentives and decision rights when people must cooperate despite conflicting interests and incomplete information.
制度与政治经济
2016 Physiology or Medicine
Autophagy's Cellular Machinery Yeast experiments revealed the genes and protein machinery that let cells recycle their own contents.
遗传学与基因组学
2016 Physics
Topology in Matter Topology revealed unexpected phases and transitions in ultra-cold, low-dimensional matter.
量子物理
2015 Chemistry
DNA Repair Three repair mechanisms explain how cells preserve DNA despite continual damage and copying errors.
遗传学与基因组学
2015 Economic Sciences
Consumption, Poverty and Welfare Tools for tracing how people spend, save and cope with changing incomes, and for using household data to measure poverty and welfare.
贸易与发展经济
2015 Physiology or Medicine
Revolutionary Antiparasite Therapies Natural-product discoveries delivered highly effective treatments for devastating roundworm infections and malaria.
生理学与医学
2015 Physics
Neutrino Metamorphosis Underground experiments showed that neutrinos change flavour in flight, proving that they have mass.
粒子物理
2014 Chemistry
Super-Resolution Microscopy Fluorescence microscopy overcame the optical diffraction limit, letting researchers image and follow molecular-scale processes inside living cells.
化学 显微技术
2014 Economic Sciences
Market Power and Regulation A framework for understanding powerful firms and designing industry-specific rules that protect consumers, competition and incentives to innovate.
微观经济与决策 政策与市场设计
2014 Physiology or Medicine
The Brain's Inner GPS Place cells and grid cells reveal how the brain builds an internal map and coordinate system for navigation.
神经科学
2014 Physics
Blue LED Breakthrough Efficient blue LEDs completed the palette needed for bright, energy-saving white light.
物理学 材料与器件
2013 Chemistry
Multiscale Molecular Models Quantum mechanics and classical physics were combined to simulate chemical reactions in complex molecules.
量子物理 计算与人工智能
2013 Economic Sciences
Asset-Price Predictability Evidence showing why short-run price changes are hard to forecast, while long-run movements can reveal risk, valuation and market inefficiency.
计量经济与因果识别
2013 Physiology or Medicine
The Machinery of Vesicle Traffic Genetic and biochemical discoveries revealed how vesicles carry cargo and fuse at the right place and time inside cells and at synapses.
神经科学
2013 Physics
How Particles Get Mass A mechanism proposed in 1964 explained how elementary particles can acquire mass; the predicted Higgs particle was found at CERN in 2012.
粒子物理
2012 Chemistry
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Discoveries that revealed how a major family of cell-surface receptors senses signals and activates cellular responses.
细胞生物学 医学与治疗
2012 Economic Sciences
Stable Matching and Market Design A theory and practice for assigning people to one another when prices cannot do the job, from medical residencies to schools and organ exchange.
微观经济与决策 政策与市场设计
2012 Physiology or Medicine
Cell Reprogramming · Pluripotency Mature cells can be reset to a pluripotent state, opening a foundation for regenerative medicine.
细胞生物学 医学与治疗
2012 Physics
Particle Control in a Quantum World Two complementary laboratory methods made it possible to measure and manipulate individual quantum systems without destroying their quantum character.
量子物理
2011 Chemistry
Quasicrystals A diffraction pattern revealed atomic order that is mathematically regular but never repeats periodically.
材料科学 衍射与结构分析
2011 Economic Sciences
Cause and Effect in Macroeconomics Methods for separating systematic policy shifts and unexpected shocks from the economy's two-way relationships.
宏观经济与增长 实验与因果方法 政策与市场设计
2011 Physiology or Medicine
Immune System Gatekeepers Discoveries of microbial sensors and dendritic cells explained how innate and adaptive immune responses are activated.
免疫学
2011 Physics
Accelerating Universe Distant Type Ia supernovae revealed that the Universe’s expansion is speeding up.
天体物理与宇宙学
2010 Chemistry
Palladium Cross-Coupling Palladium-catalyzed reactions gave chemists a precise, efficient way to join carbon atoms while building complex molecules.
有机化学 催化
2010 Economic Sciences
Markets with Search Frictions A framework for understanding how search, matching, and policy shape unemployment, vacancies, and wages.
宏观经济与增长
2010 Physiology or Medicine
In Vitro Fertilization By maturing and fertilizing human oocytes outside the body, then enabling embryo transfer, Robert Edwards helped turn IVF into a treatment for infertility.
生理学与医学
2010 Physics
Graphene Experiments that isolated and characterized graphene, an atom-thick lattice of carbon.
量子物理 材料与器件
2009 Chemistry
Ribosome Structure Atomic maps of the cell's protein factory revealed how genetic information is translated into proteins.
化学 衍射与结构分析 医学与治疗
2009 Economic Sciences
Economic Governance How communities sustain shared resources and firms resolve conflicts when markets alone cannot organize cooperation.
制度与政治经济
2009 Physiology or Medicine
Chromosome End Protection Telomeric DNA and telomerase protect chromosome ends, allowing cells to copy chromosomes without losing essential DNA.
遗传学与基因组学
2009 Physics
The Masters of Light Optical fibers and CCD image sensors transformed the ways information can travel as light and be recorded digitally.
物理学 成像技术 材料与器件
2008 Chemistry
Green Fluorescent Protein GFP turned biological processes invisible to ordinary microscopy into glowing, trackable signals inside living cells.
生物化学与分子生物学 分子与遗传工具
2008 Economic Sciences
Trade and Economic Geography How economies of scale, product variety and transport costs shape trade between similar countries and the concentration of economic activity.
贸易与发展经济
2008 Physiology or Medicine
Viruses Behind Cancer and AIDS Discoveries of HPV and HIV revealed the viral causes of cervical cancer and AIDS, enabling prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
传染病与微生物
2008 Physics
Broken symmetries The theories that explain how symmetry breaking shapes elementary particles and matter's imbalance over antimatter.
粒子物理
2007 Chemistry
Surface Chemistry How chemical reactions proceed on solid surfaces, from catalysts to atmospheric chemistry.
化学 催化
2007 Economic Sciences
Mechanism Design How to design rules and institutions that lead to good outcomes when people have different information and incentives.
制度与政治经济 政策与市场设计
2007 Physiology or Medicine
Targeted Gene Modification in Mice How embryonic stem cells and gene targeting made knockout mice into precise models of biology and disease.
遗传学与基因组学 分子与遗传工具
2007 Physics
Giant Magnetoresistance Atomically thin magnetic layers that turn weak magnetic changes into readable electrical signals.
物理学 材料与器件
2006 Chemistry
Eukaryotic Transcription Molecular snapshots of RNA polymerase explain how genetic information is copied from DNA into RNA.
遗传学与基因组学
2006 Economic Sciences
Inflation, unemployment and expectations Phelps showed how inflation expectations eliminate a long-run inflation-unemployment tradeoff and shape the limits of macroeconomic policy.
宏观经济与增长 政策与市场设计
2006 Physiology or Medicine
RNA Interference Double-stranded RNA can trigger sequence-specific mRNA degradation, revealing a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation.
遗传学与基因组学
2006 Physics
Cosmic Microwave Background COBE measurements revealed the Big Bang’s thermal afterglow and the tiny variations that seeded cosmic structure.
天体物理与宇宙学
2005 Chemistry
Metathesis in Organic Synthesis A catalytic method for swapping carbon-carbon double-bond partners opened more efficient routes to complex molecules and materials.
化学 催化
2005 Economic Sciences
Game theory: conflict and cooperation Aumann and Schelling showed how strategic interaction can explain when conflicting parties cooperate, commit, coordinate, or sustain conflict.
微观经济与决策
2005 Physiology or Medicine
Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease The discovery that Helicobacter pylori infection causes gastritis and peptic ulcers turned a chronic illness into one that can be cured by eradicating the bacterium.
传染病与微生物
2005 Physics
Quantum Optics and the Frequency Comb Quantum optics explains the detection of light quanta; optical frequency combs make light frequencies precise, countable standards.
量子物理 光谱与共振
2004 Chemistry
Ubiquitin-Mediated Protein Degradation A molecular tagging system that directs unwanted proteins to the proteasome for breakdown.
生物化学与分子生物学
2004 Economic Sciences
Dynamic Macroeconomics How policy credibility and technology-driven fluctuations reshaped the analysis of macroeconomic stability and business cycles.
宏观经济与增长 政策与市场设计
2004 Physiology or Medicine
How the Brain Reads Smell Odorant receptors turn chemical cues into organized neural signals that the brain can recognize as scents.
生理学与医学
2004 Physics
Asymptotic Freedom The strong force weakens at short distances, allowing quarks to behave nearly as free particles at high energy.
量子物理
2003 Chemistry
Membrane Channels Water channels and ion channels reveal how cells selectively exchange the molecules and charged atoms that sustain life.
细胞生物学
2003 Economic Sciences
Economic Time-Series Methods Methods for modelling changing volatility and identifying long-run relationships in economic time series.
计量经济与因果识别
2003 Physiology or Medicine
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic-field gradients and rapid signal analysis transformed magnetic resonance into non-invasive medical imaging.
生理学与医学 光谱与共振 医学与治疗
2003 Physics
Macroscopic Quantum Order Theories of superconducting vortices and superfluid helium-3 reveal how quantum order becomes visible at very low temperatures.
量子物理
2002 Chemistry
Macromolecular Analysis New mass-spectrometric and NMR methods made it possible to identify biological macromolecules and determine protein structures in solution.
化学 光谱与共振
2002 Economic Sciences
Psychological and Experimental Economics Two complementary foundations for economics: how people judge and choose under uncertainty, and how controlled experiments reveal the effects of market rules.
微观经济与决策 实验与因果方法 政策与市场设计
2002 Physiology or Medicine
Genes That Guide Development and Cell Death Studies of C. elegans revealed how genes direct organ development and a programmed cellular death process shared with higher species.
细胞生物学
2002 Physics
New Windows on the Universe Underground neutrino detectors and spaceborne X-ray instruments opened complementary ways to observe the universe.
粒子物理
2001 Chemistry
Chiral Catalysis Chiral catalysts make it possible to produce one desired mirror-image form of a molecule for research and medicine.
化学 催化
2001 Economic Sciences
Markets with asymmetric information Akerlof, Spence and Stiglitz established how unevenly distributed information creates adverse selection, signaling and screening in markets.
经济学
2001 Physiology or Medicine
Cell-Cycle Control Genes, cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins explain how cells coordinate DNA replication and division.
细胞生物学
2001 Physics
Bose-Einstein Condensation Laser cooling and trapping brought dilute alkali gases into a coherent quantum state of matter.
量子物理
2000 Chemistry
Conductive Polymers Conjugated polymer chains became electrically conductive when doping created mobile charges.
材料科学 材料与器件
2000 Economic Sciences
Microeconometrics Methods for reliable inference from microdata when samples are selective or individual choices are discrete.
计量经济与因果识别
2000 Physiology or Medicine
Signal Transduction in the Nervous System Dopamine, intracellular signalling and synaptic plasticity revealed how nerve cells communicate and store memory.
神经科学
2000 Physics
The foundations of information technology Heterostructures made fast electronic and optical devices possible, while the integrated circuit made dense electronic systems practical.
凝聚态物理 材料与器件
1999 Chemistry
Femtochemistry Femtosecond laser pulses made it possible to follow atoms as chemical bonds break and form.
化学 光谱与共振
1999 Economic Sciences
Open-economy macroeconomics A framework for how exchange-rate regimes and capital mobility shape monetary and fiscal policy, and for judging currency unions.
宏观经济与增长 政策与市场设计
1999 Physiology or Medicine
Protein Targeting in the Cell Intrinsic amino-acid signals act as cellular addresses, directing proteins across membranes and to the correct organelles.
细胞生物学
1999 Physics
Electroweak Theory Made Calculable Their work put the electroweak theory on a sound mathematical footing for precise quantum predictions.
量子物理
1998 Chemistry
Computational Quantum Chemistry Density-functional theory and practical quantum-chemical methods made molecular calculations broadly usable.
量子物理 计算与人工智能
1998 Economic Sciences
Welfare economics A framework for social choice, welfare measurement and the economic analysis of poverty and famine.
贸易与发展经济
1998 Physiology or Medicine
Nitric Oxide as a Biological Signal The discovery that a fleeting gas coordinates blood-vessel relaxation revealed a new principle of cell-to-cell signalling.
细胞生物学
1998 Physics
Fractional Quantum Hall Effect Experiments and theory revealed a quantum fluid whose collective excitations carry fractional electric charge.
量子物理
1997 Chemistry
ATP Synthesis and Ion Pumps ATP synthase makes the cell's energy currency by rotary catalysis, while the sodium-potassium pump spends it to maintain ion balance.
化学 催化
1997 Economic Sciences
Option pricing A method for valuing derivatives that linked financial theory to a practical benchmark for options and related contracts.
经济学
1997 Physiology or Medicine
Prions and Protein Misfolding The discovery that a misfolded protein can transmit infection and drive fatal neurodegenerative disease.
生物化学与分子生物学
1997 Physics
Laser Cooling and Trapping Laser light slows and confines atoms, opening precision experiments at temperatures near absolute zero.
量子物理 精密测量
1996 Chemistry
The Carbon Cages Called Fullerenes A laser-cluster experiment revealed stable, hollow carbon cages, starting with football-shaped C60 and opening a new branch of chemistry.
化学
1996 Economic Sciences
Incentives under asymmetric information Methods for designing taxes, auctions, and contracts when people hold private information or take actions others cannot observe.
微观经济与决策 政策与市场设计
1996 Physiology or Medicine
T-Cell Recognition of Infected Cells Killer T cells identify virus-infected cells by jointly recognising a viral signal and the host cell's own marker.
传染病与微生物
1996 Physics
Superfluid Helium-3 The three researchers revealed that helium-3 can flow without friction, making quantum behavior visible in a macroscopic liquid.
量子物理
1995 Chemistry
Atmospheric Chemistry That Protected Ozone Their work explained how nitrogen oxides and CFCs drive ozone loss, making global emission controls scientifically actionable.
化学
1995 Economic Sciences
Rational expectations A framework that made expectations central to macroeconomic models and to reliable evaluation of changing economic policy.
宏观经济与增长 政策与市场设计
1995 Physiology or Medicine
Genes That Build the Embryo Fruit-fly genetics revealed how genes establish the embryonic body plan.
遗传学与基因组学
1995 Physics
Experimental Lepton Discoveries Collider and reactor experiments established the tau lepton and the neutrino as fundamental particles.
粒子物理
1994 Chemistry
Carbocation chemistry Superacids made fleeting carbon cations observable and usable in chemical synthesis.
有机化学
1994 Economic Sciences
Strategic equilibrium A framework for predicting stable outcomes when participants’ choices depend on one another.
微观经济与决策
1994 Physiology or Medicine
G Proteins in Cell Signalling The discovery of the GTP-driven molecular switches that relay signals across cell membranes.
细胞生物学
1994 Physics
Neutron Scattering for Matter Elastic and inelastic neutron scattering revealed where atoms are and how they move in condensed matter.
凝聚态物理 光谱与共振
1993 Chemistry
Methods for Reading and Rewriting DNA PCR made selected DNA sequences rapidly amplifiable, while site-directed mutagenesis made specified protein changes experimentally designable.
化学 分子与遗传工具
1993 Economic Sciences
Economic history, tested A more rigorous way to explain long-run economic and institutional change with theory, data and historical evidence.
宏观经济与增长
1993 Physiology or Medicine
Split Genes and RNA Splicing The discovery that genes can be discontinuous, requiring RNA segments to be spliced before protein production.
遗传学与基因组学
1993 Physics
A Binary Pulsar Tests Gravity Precise timing of a compact two-star system showed its shrinking orbit follows general relativity’s gravitational-wave prediction.
天体物理与宇宙学
1992 Chemistry
The Theory of Electron Transfer A quantitative framework for how molecular and solvent rearrangements govern the rates of electron-transfer reactions.
物理化学
1992 Economic Sciences
The economic approach to life Rational-choice analysis applied to education, families, crime and discrimination as well as markets.
贸易与发展经济
1992 Physiology or Medicine
Reversible Protein Phosphorylation A molecular switching mechanism that lets cells regulate proteins, metabolism and signalling by adding or removing phosphate groups.
细胞生物学
1992 Physics
Electronic Particle Tracking The multiwire proportional chamber replaced slow photographic track recording with fast electronic detection and computer readout.
粒子物理 仪器与探测
1991 Chemistry
High-resolution NMR methodology Fourier-transform and multidimensional NMR made molecular structures and interactions legible from fast, sensitive radio-frequency measurements.
化学 光谱与共振
1991 Economic Sciences
Transaction costs and institutions A framework for explaining why firms, contracts and property rights organize economic activity alongside markets.
制度与政治经济
1991 Physiology or Medicine
Single Ion Channels Patch-clamp recording made the opening and closing of individual ion channels directly measurable.
细胞生物学
1991 Physics
Order in Soft Matter Pierre-Gilles de Gennes extended the physics of phase transitions to liquid crystals and polymers.
材料科学
1990 Chemistry
Retrosynthetic analysis Corey made complex molecule synthesis more systematic by planning backward from a target to accessible building blocks, then developing the reactions needed to build forward.
有机化学 合成方法
1990 Economic Sciences
Foundations of financial economics Portfolio choice, asset pricing and corporate-finance theory made risk, return and firm value analytically connected.
金融与市场
1990 Physiology or Medicine
Transplantation Becomes Treatment Kidney and bone-marrow transplantation became practical treatments by controlling immune rejection and graft-versus-host disease.
免疫学
1990 Physics
Seeing Quarks Inside Nucleons High-energy electron scattering at SLAC revealed point-like constituents inside protons and neutrons, establishing experimental support for the quark model.
粒子物理
1989 Chemistry
Catalytic RNA Altman and Cech revealed that RNA can catalyse chemical reactions, overturning the assumption that cellular enzymes must be proteins.
遗传学与基因组学 催化
1989 Economic Sciences
Probability foundations of econometrics A framework for testing economic theories and estimating interdependent economic relationships from observational data.
计量经济与因果识别
1989 Physiology or Medicine
Cellular Origins of Oncogenes Retroviral cancer genes were shown to be altered versions of normal cellular genes that govern growth and division.
传染病与微生物
1989 Physics
Atomic Precision Spectroscopy Separated-field resonance, hydrogen masers and ion traps made remarkably precise measurements of atoms and particles possible.
原子与光学物理 精密测量
1988 Chemistry
Photosynthetic reaction-centre structure Crystallization and X-ray structural analysis revealed, atom by atom, the membrane protein complex that converts light into biological electron transfer.
物理化学 衍射与结构分析 能源与气候
1988 Economic Sciences
Markets and efficient resource allocation Allais gave rigorous mathematical form to market equilibrium and social efficiency, including the pricing of public monopolies.
金融与市场
1988 Physiology or Medicine
Principles for Drug Treatment Receptor-selective drugs and antimetabolites established a rational route from biochemical insight to therapies.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1988 Physics
The Muon Neutrino A high-energy neutrino beam revealed that muon neutrinos are distinct from electron neutrinos, establishing separate lepton families.
粒子物理
1987 Chemistry
Molecular recognition Crown ethers, cryptands and designed host molecules showed how synthetic compounds can selectively recognise and bind molecular guests.
生物化学与分子生物学
1987 Economic Sciences
The foundations of modern growth theory Solow’s model made technological progress central to sustained economic growth and enabled empirical accounting of its sources.
宏观经济与增长
1987 Physiology or Medicine
Genetic Assembly of Antibodies Antibody genes are rearranged as B cells develop, allowing a limited genome to generate enormous immune diversity.
免疫学
1987 Physics
High-Temperature Ceramic Superconductivity A new barium-doped copper-oxide ceramic superconducted at unprecedented temperatures, setting off the modern search for high-temperature superconductors.
材料科学 材料与器件
1986 Chemistry
Reaction dynamics Crossed molecular beams and infrared chemiluminescence made individual chemical collisions measurable, revealing how reaction products carry away energy and momentum.
物理化学
1986 Economic Sciences
Public choice and constitutional rules Buchanan extended economic analysis to political decision-making and made constitutional rules central to assessing public policy.
制度与政治经济
1986 Physiology or Medicine
Growth Factors Discoveries of NGF and EGF revealed how cells locally regulate growth and differentiation.
细胞生物学
1986 Physics
Seeing the Atomic World Electron optics and tunneling microscopy opened complementary routes to seeing structures far below the resolution limit of light.
原子与光学物理 显微技术
1985 Chemistry
Direct methods in crystallography Mathematical and statistical methods made it possible to recover phase information from X-ray diffraction intensities and determine crystal structures directly.
化学 衍射与结构分析
1985 Economic Sciences
Saving over a lifetime and firm value A framework for household saving across the life cycle and benchmark theorems showing how financing affects neither firm value nor investment under ideal markets.
金融与市场
1985 Physiology or Medicine
The LDL Receptor Pathway Cell-surface LDL receptors revealed how cells regulate cholesterol uptake and synthesis.
细胞生物学
1985 Physics
The Quantized Hall Effect Exceptionally precise conductance plateaux in a two-dimensional electron system made quantum physics a standard for electrical resistance.
量子物理
1984 Chemistry
Solid-phase peptide synthesis A polymer support turned laborious peptide assembly into a wash-and-repeat process that could be automated.
生物化学与分子生物学 合成方法
1984 Economic Sciences
Making national economies measurable Integrated national accounts turned economy-wide transactions into a consistent statistical system for analysis, comparison and policy.
宏观经济与增长
1984 Physiology or Medicine
Immune Recognition and Monoclonal Antibodies Theories of immune-system specificity and a method for producing antibodies with a chosen target.
免疫学
1984 Physics
W and Z Bosons A proton-antiproton collider and stochastic cooling made the first direct discoveries of the weak force’s W and Z particles possible.
粒子物理
1983 Chemistry
How electrons cross between metal complexes Henry Taube revealed that electron transfer between metal ions can proceed through a molecular bridge, transforming the study of coordination-reaction mechanisms.
材料科学
1983 Economic Sciences
Making general equilibrium rigorous Mathematical methods that established when market-wide prices can coordinate supply and demand, and made general-equilibrium theory a durable analytical framework.
经济学
1983 Physiology or Medicine
Mobile Genetic Elements Maize experiments revealed that genetic elements can move within chromosomes and switch nearby genes on or off.
遗传学与基因组学
1983 Physics
Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis The prize explained stellar fates—from white dwarfs to collapse—and the nuclear reactions that forge the chemical elements.
天体物理与宇宙学
1982 Chemistry
Crystallographic electron microscopy Electron microscopy combined with diffraction methods revealed the structures of biologically important nucleic acid-protein assemblies.
化学 显微技术
1982 Economic Sciences
How markets and regulation work Stigler explained how information, industrial structure and regulation shape real-world market outcomes.
制度与政治经济 政策与市场设计
1982 Physiology or Medicine
The Prostaglandin System The chemical identification, metabolic map and pharmacology of local hormones that regulate tissues under stress.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1982 Physics
Critical Phenomena and the Renormalization Group Wilson’s renormalization-group theory explained the universal behavior of matter at phase-transition critical points.
物理学
1981 Chemistry
Frontier orbitals and reaction pathways Frontier-orbital and orbital-symmetry theories made the paths of chemical reactions understandable and predictable.
量子物理
1981 Economic Sciences
Financial markets in the macroeconomy A theory of how portfolio choices and financial markets transmit into spending, investment, output, employment and prices.
宏观经济与增长
1981 Physiology or Medicine
Specialised Brain Hemispheres and Visual Processing Studies of split brains and visual cortex showed how distinct neural systems process thought and sight.
神经科学
1981 Physics
Precision Spectroscopy with Lasers and Electrons Laser and high-resolution electron spectroscopy opened more precise ways to probe the energy levels and chemical environments of matter.
原子与光学物理 光谱与共振
1980 Chemistry
Reading and rewriting DNA Recombinant DNA and two independent sequencing methods made it possible to study, map and manipulate genetic material in unprecedented detail.
生物化学与分子生物学 分子与遗传工具
1980 Economic Sciences
Econometric models for economic forecasting Large-scale macroeconomic models made forecasts and the effects of economic-policy choices available for practical analysis.
宏观经济与增长 政策与市场设计
1980 Physiology or Medicine
Genetic Control of Immune Recognition Studies in mice, humans and guinea pigs revealed how major histocompatibility genes shape immune recognition, graft rejection and immune responsiveness.
免疫学
1980 Physics
CP Violation in Neutral Kaon Decay A precision neutral-kaon experiment showed that nature does not perfectly preserve the symmetry between matter and antimatter.
粒子物理
1979 Chemistry
Organic synthesis reagents Boron and phosphorus reagents gave chemists versatile new ways to form and modify carbon-based molecules.
化学 合成方法
1979 Economic Sciences
Economics of development Schultz and Lewis explained how agricultural productivity, human resources, dual economies and trade shape development.
贸易与发展经济 食物与农业
1979 Physiology or Medicine
Computed tomography Cormack's reconstruction mathematics and Hounsfield's clinically usable scanner made cross-sectional X-ray imaging practical.
生理学与医学 成像技术 医学与治疗
1979 Physics
Electroweak Unification A shared theory showed weak and electromagnetic interactions to be aspects of one electroweak force and predicted neutral weak currents.
粒子物理
1978 Chemistry
Chemiosmotic theory Peter Mitchell explained how proton gradients across cell membranes drive the synthesis of ATP, life’s energy-carrying molecule.
化学 合成方法 能源与气候
1978 Economic Sciences
Bounded rationality in organizations Herbert A. Simon transformed the study of firms by explaining how real organizations make satisfactory decisions under limited knowledge and capacity.
微观经济与决策
1978 Physiology or Medicine
Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes made it possible to cut DNA at defined sequences and map genes with molecular precision.
遗传学与基因组学 分子与遗传工具
1978 Physics
Superfluid Helium and the Big Bang’s Afterglow Kapitsa opened new experimental territory in ultra-cold helium, while Penzias and Wilson detected the cosmic microwave background that made the early universe observable.
天体物理与宇宙学
1977 Chemistry
Order far from equilibrium Dissipative structures showed how stable, ordered patterns can arise in systems driven far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
化学
1977 Economic Sciences
Trade, capital and open-economy policy Ohlin explained how factor endowments shape trade; Meade showed how policy can manage trade-dependent economies.
宏观经济与增长 政策与市场设计
1977 Physiology or Medicine
Peptide hormones made measurable The prize recognized the brain's hormone-releasing signals and the radioimmunoassay that made peptide hormones precisely measurable.
生理与代谢
1977 Physics
Electrons in Magnetic and Disordered Materials The prize recognized theories that explain how electron interactions and disorder shape magnetism and electrical conduction in solids.
凝聚态物理
1976 Chemistry
The chemistry of boranes X-ray structures and quantum calculations revealed how electron-deficient boranes are bonded and how they react.
量子物理 衍射与结构分析
1976 Economic Sciences
Money, consumption and stabilization policy Friedman reshaped consumption and monetary analysis, showing why policy lags and inflation expectations complicate economic stabilization.
宏观经济与增长 政策与市场设计
1976 Physiology or Medicine
New mechanisms of infectious disease Blumberg revealed hepatitis B persistence and transmission, while Gajdusek showed that kuru was caused by an unconventional slow infectious agent.
传染病与微生物
1976 Physics
The J/psi Discovery Independent accelerator experiments revealed J/psi, opening a new particle family and establishing the charm quark.
粒子物理
1975 Chemistry
Stereochemistry of molecules and enzymes The prize connected three-dimensional molecular structure with enzyme action and organic reaction behavior.
生物化学与分子生物学
1975 Economic Sciences
Optimal allocation of scarce resources Kantorovich and Koopmans independently developed methods for allocating scarce resources efficiently, linking production choices, prices and economic planning.
经济学
1975 Physiology or Medicine
Tumour Viruses and Genetic Information Experiments with DNA and RNA tumour viruses revealed viral integration into cells and the RNA-to-DNA step of reverse transcription.
传染病与微生物
1975 Physics
Collective Nuclear Motion A unified model showed how individual nucleons and collective vibrations and rotations together determine atomic-nucleus structure.
核物理
1974 Chemistry
The physical chemistry of polymers Flory turned the behavior of long molecular chains in solution and in solids into a quantitative science, including the theta temperature and a universal solution constant.
有机化学
1974 Economic Sciences
Economic systems and social interdependence Myrdal and Hayek broadened economic inquiry from monetary fluctuations to the social conditions and dispersed knowledge that shape economic systems.
宏观经济与增长
1974 Physiology or Medicine
How cells are organised Cell fractionation and electron microscopy revealed the organelles and protein-traffic pathways that make cells functional systems.
细胞生物学 显微技术
1974 Physics
Radio Stars and Pulsars Radio-telescope techniques made detailed cosmic mapping possible and revealed pulsars as neutron stars.
天体物理与宇宙学 合成方法
1973 Chemistry
Organometallic sandwich compounds Independent work established a new class of metal–carbon structures with a metal atom held between molecular rings.
材料科学
1973 Economic Sciences
Input-output analysis Leontief made the economy’s web of interindustry deliveries measurable, enabling systematic analysis of production, planning and shocks.
经济学
1973 Physiology or Medicine
Foundations of ethology The laureates showed how animal behaviour can be analysed through communication, innate responses and controlled tests of the stimuli that elicit them.
生理学与医学
1973 Physics
Tunnelling in Solids and the Josephson Effects Experiments and theory revealed how electrons and supercurrents can cross thin barriers, enabling semiconductor devices and precision quantum measurements.
量子物理
1972 Chemistry
Protein folding and enzyme active sites Ribonuclease research linked a protein’s amino-acid sequence to its folded active form and revealed how chemical groups at an active site enable catalysis.
生物化学与分子生物学 催化
1972 Economic Sciences
Equilibrium and collective choice Hicks and Arrow transformed general equilibrium into a rigorous framework for studying interdependent markets, welfare and social choice.
微观经济与决策
1972 Physiology or Medicine
The structure of antibodies By breaking antibodies into interpretable pieces, Edelman and Porter revealed their paired light and heavy chains and their characteristic Y-shaped architecture.
免疫学
1972 Physics
BCS Theory of Superconductivity A microscopic quantum theory explained why electron pairs form an ordered, resistance-free state in superconducting metals.
量子物理
1971 Chemistry
Molecular spectroscopy of free radicals Herzberg used molecular spectra and quantum-mechanical analysis to reveal the electronic structure and changing geometry of reactive, short-lived free radicals.
量子物理 光谱与共振
1971 Economic Sciences
Measuring modern economic growth Kuznets turned national income and long-run statistics into a way to measure economic growth and interpret the structural and social changes that accompany it.
宏观经济与增长
1971 Physiology or Medicine
Second-messenger signalling Earl Sutherland showed how hormones can signal at a cell surface while cyclic AMP carries the message inside the cell.
细胞生物学
1971 Physics
Holography Gabor’s method records light-wave phase as well as intensity, making three-dimensional image reconstruction and precision optical measurement possible.
物理学 精密测量
1970 Chemistry
Sugar nucleotides in carbohydrate synthesis Leloir showed that sugars are activated as sugar nucleotides, revealing how organisms build and convert carbohydrates.
生物化学与分子生物学
1970 Economic Sciences
Mathematical foundations of modern economics Samuelson used maximization and mathematical analysis to connect dynamic, consumption, equilibrium, trade, and capital theory.
金融与市场
1970 Physiology or Medicine
Chemical signalling at synapses Katz, von Euler and Axelrod revealed how neurotransmitters are released, stored and cleared to pass signals between cells.
神经科学
1970 Physics
Plasma Physics and Magnetic Order Alfvén established magnetohydrodynamics for plasmas, while Néel explained the opposing magnetic order of antiferromagnets and ferrimagnets.
凝聚态物理
1969 Chemistry
Conformational analysis Hassel established how six-membered rings adopt distinct shapes, and Barton extended the analysis to complex biologically important molecules.
有机化学
1969 Economic Sciences
Foundations of econometric modelling Frisch and Tinbergen made dynamic economic models mathematically explicit and testable with statistical data.
宏观经济与增长
1969 Physiology or Medicine
How viruses replicate and carry genes Delbrück, Hershey and Luria made bacteriophages precise experimental models for viral replication and genetic inheritance.
传染病与微生物
1969 Physics
Particle Classification and Quarks Murray Gell-Mann organized strongly interacting particles by symmetry and proposed quarks as their smaller building blocks.
粒子物理
1968 Chemistry
Reciprocal relations Onsager showed how coupled, one-way processes such as heat flow and diffusion obey reciprocal mathematical relationships.
物理化学
1968 Physiology or Medicine
How the genetic code directs protein synthesis Holley, Khorana and Nirenberg revealed how nucleotide triplets are read and translated into the amino-acid sequences of proteins.
生物化学与分子生物学 合成方法
1968 Physics
Bubble Chambers and Particle Resonances Luis Alvarez combined a liquid-hydrogen bubble chamber with automated measurement and computer analysis to reveal a profusion of short-lived particle states.
粒子物理
1967 Chemistry
Watching fast reactions Eigen measured reaction rates with rapid pulses, while Norrish and Porter used flash photolysis to observe short-lived molecular states.
物理化学 光谱与共振
1967 Physiology or Medicine
How the eye turns light into vision Granit, Hartline and Wald revealed how retinal pigments, colour-sensitive cones and neural interactions convert light into visual signals.
神经科学
1967 Physics
How Stars Shine Hans Bethe showed how nuclear fusion converts hydrogen into helium and powers the Sun and similar stars.
核物理
1966 Chemistry
Molecular orbitals Mulliken used quantum mechanics to model electrons as molecular orbitals extending across a molecule, transforming how chemists understand bonding and electronic structure.
量子物理 光谱与共振
1966 Physiology or Medicine
Viruses, hormones and cancer control Rous established a viral route to tumour formation, while Huggins showed that hormone-dependent cancers could be therapeutically controlled.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1966 Physics
Optical Pumping for Atomic Precision Alfred Kastler developed optical methods that use light to prepare atomic states and enable highly sensitive measurements of resonances.
原子与光学物理 光谱与共振
1965 Chemistry
The art of organic synthesis Woodward turned the construction of complex natural products into rational, systematic multistep syntheses, expanding what chemists could build.
有机化学 合成方法
1965 Physiology or Medicine
Genetic regulation in cells and viruses Jacob, Lwoff and Monod uncovered principles by which genes regulate enzyme and virus synthesis.
生物化学与分子生物学
1965 Physics
A New Quantum Electrodynamics Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman developed complementary methods that made quantum electrodynamics both consistent and exceptionally precise.
量子物理
1964 Chemistry
Seeing biochemical molecules with X-rays Hodgkin extended X-ray crystallography to reveal the structures of increasingly complex biochemical substances, including penicillin and vitamin B12.
生物化学与分子生物学 衍射与结构分析
1964 Physiology or Medicine
Cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism Bloch and Lynen revealed key routes by which cells make and transform cholesterol and fatty acids.
生物化学与分子生物学
1964 Physics
Maser and Laser Principles Townes, Basov and Prokhorov turned stimulated emission into masers and lasers, producing coherent microwave and light beams.
量子物理
1963 Chemistry
Controlling polymer chains Ziegler and Natta brought catalytic control to polymer growth and structure, enabling stronger and more versatile plastics.
有机化学 催化
1963 Physiology or Medicine
Ionic mechanisms of nerve signalling Hodgkin and Huxley established the ionic basis of the nerve impulse, while Eccles explained excitation and inhibition across synapses.
神经科学
1963 Physics
Symmetry and Nuclear Shells Wigner's symmetry principles and Goeppert Mayer and Jensen's shell model made the structure of atomic nuclei more intelligible.
核物理
1962 Chemistry
Cracking the protein phase problem Perutz and Kendrew made X-ray diffraction reveal the first atomic structures of complex proteins, opening structural biology to haemoglobin and myoglobin.
生物化学与分子生物学 衍射与结构分析
1962 Physiology or Medicine
DNA structure and genetic information Crick and Watson developed the double-helix model, while Wilkins supplied decisive X-ray evidence about DNA structure.
生物化学与分子生物学
1962 Physics
Theory of Quantum Liquids Landau’s quantum theory explained superfluid liquid helium through the collective motion of quasiparticles.
量子物理
1961 Chemistry
Mapping carbon through photosynthesis Calvin traced carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide through the reactions that make plant carbohydrates, clarifying a central biochemical process.
化学 分离与分析 能源与气候
1961 Physiology or Medicine
Mechanics of hearing in the inner ear Georg von Békésy established how vibrations travel along the cochlea and turn sound frequency into spatial patterns of stimulation.
生理与代谢
1961 Physics
Probing Nuclear Structure Hofstadter’s electron scattering and Mössbauer’s recoilless gamma-ray resonance opened precise new ways to investigate atomic nuclei.
核物理 光谱与共振
1960 Chemistry
Dating organic remains with carbon-14 Libby made radioactive carbon a clock for determining the age of biological materials, transforming archaeology and Earth sciences.
核物理
1960 Physiology or Medicine
Acquired immunological tolerance Burnet proposed that immune recognition of self is acquired during fetal life, and Medawar showed experimentally that early exposure could make later grafts acceptable.
免疫学
1960 Physics
Making Particle Tracks Visible Glaser's bubble chamber made the tracks of high-energy charged particles visible, photographable and analyzable.
粒子物理 仪器与探测
1959 Chemistry
Reading solutions with a dropping mercury electrode Heyrovsky turned changing current at a renewing mercury drop into a way to identify substances in solution and measure trace concentrations.
化学
1959 Physiology or Medicine
Enzymatic nucleic-acid synthesis Ochoa and Kornberg established experimental systems in which enzymes assemble RNA and DNA, helping reveal how nucleic acids are made.
生物化学与分子生物学 合成方法
1959 Physics
Confirming the Antiproton Berkeley accelerator experiments confirmed the proton’s antimatter counterpart and made antinucleon research possible.
粒子物理
1958 Chemistry
Sequencing insulin’s amino-acid chains Sanger established insulin’s chain sequences and linkages, showing that a protein’s chemical structure could be determined in detail.
生物化学与分子生物学 分子与遗传工具
1958 Physiology or Medicine
Genes, enzymes, and bacterial recombination Experiments with fungal and bacterial mutants showed how genes direct biochemical steps and how bacterial genes can recombine and be transferred.
传染病与微生物
1958 Physics
Cherenkov Light and Particle Detection A blue glow from particles outrunning light in a medium became a precise way to identify and measure high-speed particles.
粒子物理
1957 Chemistry
Establishing nucleotide structure through synthesis Todd combined structural analysis with synthesis to establish the chemical architecture of nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes.
生物化学与分子生物学 合成方法
1957 Physiology or Medicine
Synthetic antagonists of biological amines Daniel Bovet developed synthetic compounds that selectively block biological amines, opening the way to antihistamines and clinically useful muscle relaxants.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1957 Physics
Breaking Mirror Symmetry Yang and Lee showed that weak interactions need not respect left-right mirror symmetry.
粒子物理
1956 Chemistry
Explaining chain reactions Hinshelwood and Semenov clarified how molecular reaction chains govern combustion, explosions and other chemical transformations.
物理化学 合成方法
1956 Physiology or Medicine
Cardiac catheterization Forssmann showed that a catheter could reach the human heart, while Cournand and Richards established it as a method for direct study of circulation and heart disease.
生理与代谢
1956 Physics
The Transistor Effect Work on semiconductor surfaces and charge carriers produced the transistor effect, enabling smaller signal amplifiers without heated filaments.
凝聚态物理
1955 Chemistry
Synthesis of Oxytocin Vincent du Vigneaud determined oxytocin's amino-acid sequence and synthesized it, the first polypeptide hormone made by artificial means.
生理与代谢 合成方法
1955 Physiology or Medicine
How oxidation enzymes work Theorell showed how oxidation enzymes are built from essential parts and how metal-containing enzymes transfer electrons.
生物化学与分子生物学
1955 Physics
Precision Tests of the Electron Lamb and Kusch independently used high-precision spectroscopy to expose small departures from Dirac’s theory and reshape quantum electrodynamics.
量子物理 光谱与共振
1954 Chemistry
The Chemical Bond and Molecular Structure Linus Pauling used quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding and applied those ideas to complex molecular and protein structures.
量子物理
1954 Physiology or Medicine
Growing poliovirus in tissue culture Enders, Weller and Robbins showed that poliomyelitis virus could grow in human tissue cultures, making it far more accessible for study and vaccine development.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1954 Physics
Probability and Coincidence Born established the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, while Bothe developed coincidence measurements for atomic and cosmic-ray physics.
量子物理
1953 Chemistry
The foundations of polymer science Staudinger established that plastics, rubber and cellulose are giant chain molecules, creating the foundations of macromolecular chemistry.
有机化学
1953 Physiology or Medicine
Citric acid cycle and coenzyme A Krebs mapped the central cycle of cellular oxidation, while Lipmann identified coenzyme A as a key carrier in intermediary metabolism.
生物化学与分子生物学
1953 Physics
Phase Contrast Microscopy Zernike made transparent specimens visible by translating phase differences in light into image contrast.
原子与光学物理 显微技术
1952 Chemistry
Partition chromatography Martin and Synge turned the different partitioning of substances between liquids into a powerful method for separating complex mixtures.
生物化学与分子生物学 分离与分析
1952 Physiology or Medicine
Streptomycin against tuberculosis Systematic study of soil microorganisms led to streptomycin, an effective medicine against tuberculosis.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1952 Physics
Measuring Nuclear Magnetism Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell developed nuclear magnetic resonance methods that made the composition of materials measurable with radio waves.
物理学 光谱与共振
1951 Chemistry
The transuranium elements McMillan and Seaborg opened the chemistry of elements beyond uranium, including neptunium and plutonium, and extended the Periodic System.
核物理
1951 Physiology or Medicine
Yellow-fever vaccination Max Theiler's work made it possible to develop the attenuated 17D vaccine against yellow fever.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1951 Physics
Controlled Nuclear Transmutation Cockcroft and Walton used accelerated protons to split lithium nuclei, opening a new era of nuclear research.
核物理
1950 Chemistry
Diene Synthesis Otto Diels and Kurt Alder developed the reaction that joins a diene and a dienophile to form a six-membered carbon ring.
有机化学 合成方法
1950 Physiology or Medicine
Adrenal hormones and cortisone Isolation of adrenal-cortex hormones led to cortisone and its use against rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
生理与代谢
1950 Physics
Photographic Nuclear Tracks Improved nuclear emulsions made cosmic-ray particle tracks and mesons observable.
粒子物理
1949 Chemistry
Low-Temperature Thermodynamics William Francis Giauque developed experimental methods for studying chemical thermodynamics near absolute zero, enabling precise entropy measurements and establishing the third law.
物理化学
1949 Physiology or Medicine
Brain function and clinical intervention Research connected the localisation of brain function to autonomic coordination and a then-new psychiatric operation.
神经科学
1949 Physics
Meson Theory A predicted force-bearing particle offered an explanation for the strong force binding atomic nuclei.
粒子物理
1948 Chemistry
Electrophoresis and Adsorption Analysis Arne Tiselius developed methods that separated and characterized large molecules, revealing the complex composition of serum proteins.
化学 分离与分析
1948 Physiology or Medicine
DDT as a contact insecticide Müller's discovery made DDT a powerful tool against insect vectors of malaria and typhus, while its later harms became clear.
生理学与医学
1948 Physics
Cloud-Chamber Physics Improved cloud-chamber techniques made nuclear and cosmic-ray particle tracks visible and measurable.
粒子物理 仪器与探测
1947 Chemistry
Nature's Assembly Instructions Robert Robinson revealed how plants assemble complex alkaloids from precursor molecules and used that insight to synthesize them.
有机化学 合成方法
1947 Physiology or Medicine
Sugar metabolism: glycogen, glucose and hormones The Coris mapped reversible enzyme-driven glycogen conversion, while Houssay showed how the anterior pituitary helps regulate sugar metabolism.
生物化学与分子生物学
1947 Physics
Ionospheric Radio Sounding Radio-wave interference and echoes revealed ionized layers high in Earth’s atmosphere.
物理学
1946 Chemistry
Preparing Pure Proteins Three laureates made enzymes and a virus experimentally accessible by crystallizing them in pure form.
生物化学与分子生物学
1946 Physiology or Medicine
X-ray-induced mutations Muller showed that X-ray irradiation raises the frequency of hereditary mutations in fruit flies.
遗传学与基因组学
1946 Physics
High-Pressure Physics A new high-pressure apparatus made the changing properties of matter under extreme compression experimentally accessible.
凝聚态物理 仪器与探测
1945 Chemistry
Preserving Fodder’s Nutrients Virtanen developed controlled acid preservation that kept green fodder nutritious for livestock through the winter.
化学
1945 Physiology or Medicine
Penicillin: from mold to medicine Fleming's observation and the Oxford team's purification work turned penicillin into a treatment for bacterial infections.
传染病与微生物 医学与治疗
1945 Physics
Pauli Exclusion Principle The exclusion principle established the quantum rule that no two identical fermions can occupy the same fully defined state.
量子物理
1944 Chemistry
Chemical Evidence for Nuclear Fission Otto Hahn’s chemical identification of barium after neutron irradiation showed that heavy uranium nuclei could split.
核物理
1944 Physiology or Medicine
Nerve fibres and signal speed Erlanger and Gasser showed that nerve fibres differ in thickness and that thicker fibres conduct impulses faster.
神经科学
1944 Physics
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Radio-frequency resonance in molecular beams made the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei measurable with exceptional precision.
量子物理
1943 Chemistry
Isotopes as Chemical Tracers George de Hevesy used the radiation from isotopes to follow an element through chemical and biological processes.
核物理
1943 Physiology or Medicine
Vitamin K and blood coagulation Henrik Dam identified vitamin K as necessary for blood coagulation, and Edward Doisy established its chemical nature and synthesis.
生物化学与分子生物学
1943 Physics
Molecular Beam Method Molecular beams made the orientation and magnetic properties of individual particles experimentally measurable.
量子物理
1939 Chemistry
The Chemistry of Sex Hormones and Terpenes Butenandt clarified sex hormones, while Ruzicka advanced terpene chemistry and steroid transformations from cholesterol.
有机化学
1939 Physiology or Medicine
Prontosil and antibacterial chemotherapy Gerhard Domagk’s experiments established Prontosil’s antibacterial effect and opened a new route to treating infectious diseases.
传染病与微生物
1939 Physics
Cyclotron A magnetic field and repeated electric boosts drove charged particles to energies suited to probing atomic nuclei.
核物理
1938 Chemistry
Carotenoids and Vitamins Richard Kuhn clarified the structures of carotenoid pigments and isolated vitamin B2.
有机化学 食物与农业
1938 Physiology or Medicine
Reflex control of respiration Heymans established how vascular sensory mechanisms help regulate breathing through reflex signals.
生理与代谢
1938 Physics
Slow-neutron nuclear reactions Neutron irradiation produced new radioactive elements, while slow neutrons proved especially effective at triggering nuclear reactions.
核物理
1937 Chemistry
Carbohydrates, Carotenoids and Vitamins Haworth and Karrer established structures that connected carbohydrate and plant-pigment chemistry to essential vitamins.
化学
1937 Physiology or Medicine
Vitamin C and cellular oxidation Szent-Györgyi connected vitamin C and fumaric-acid catalysis to the chemistry of cellular combustion.
生物化学与分子生物学
1937 Physics
Electron diffraction by crystals Two independent experiments showed that electrons form diffraction patterns when scattered by crystalline matter.
物理学 衍射与结构分析
1936 Chemistry
Molecular Structure from Charges and Diffraction Peter Debye developed methods that used charge distribution, X-rays and electron beams to determine molecular structure.
化学 衍射与结构分析
1936 Physiology or Medicine
Chemical transmission of nerve impulses Dale and Loewi established that chemical messengers, including acetylcholine, carry nerve signals to organs.
神经科学 医学与治疗
1936 Physics
Cosmic radiation and the positron Balloon measurements revealed radiation from space, while cloud-chamber tracks established the positron.
粒子物理
1935 Chemistry
Artificial Radioactivity The Joliot-Curies showed that alpha-particle bombardment could transform ordinary atoms into radioactive isotopes.
核物理
1935 Physiology or Medicine
The organizer effect in embryonic development Spemann showed that transplanted embryonic tissue can organize the formation of a secondary embryo.
免疫学
1935 Physics
Discovery of the neutron Experiments on beryllium radiation established the neutron as a neutral constituent of atomic nuclei.
核物理
1934 Chemistry
Heavy Hydrogen Harold C. Urey identified deuterium, revealing that hydrogen has a stable isotope twice as heavy as ordinary hydrogen.
核物理
1934 Physiology or Medicine
Liver therapy for pernicious anaemia Whipple’s dietary experiments and Minot and Murphy’s clinical treatment made liver therapy effective for pernicious anaemia.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1933 Physiology or Medicine
Chromosomes and heredity Morgan's fruit-fly studies established how genes are arranged on chromosomes and revealed crossing-over.
遗传学与基因组学
1933 Physics
New Forms of Atomic Theory Wave mechanics and relativistic quantum theory made atomic energy levels calculable and predicted the positron.
量子物理
1932 Chemistry
Surface chemistry Irving Langmuir showed that adsorbed atoms and molecules can form one-molecule-thick surface films, providing a molecular picture of surface reactions.
化学
1932 Physiology or Medicine
How neurons signal and coordinate movement Sherrington mapped the coordination of reflexes; Adrian measured how nerve fibres encode stimulation in electrical impulses.
神经科学
1932 Physics
Creation of Quantum Mechanics Heisenberg’s matrix-based quantum mechanics gave physics a general method for atomic and molecular spectra and predicted two forms of hydrogen.
量子物理
1931 Chemistry
Chemical high-pressure methods Bosch industrialised high-pressure ammonia synthesis, while Bergius independently used hydrogen pressure to convert coal into liquid fuels.
化学 合成方法
1931 Physiology or Medicine
Respiratory enzyme and cellular oxidation Warburg identified the respiratory enzyme as an iron-containing pigment involved in cellular respiration.
生物化学与分子生物学
1930 Chemistry
Haemin and chlorophyll Hans Fischer established the chemical constitution of haemin, synthesised it, and showed its pyrrole relationship to chlorophyll.
有机化学
1930 Physiology or Medicine
Human blood groups and compatible transfusion Landsteiner established that people have different blood groups, explaining dangerous transfusion reactions and enabling compatible transfusions.
免疫学
1930 Physics
The Raman Effect Raman discovered shifted wavelengths in scattered light, turning the effect into a method for investigating molecular structure.
原子与光学物理 光谱与共振
1929 Chemistry
The Enzymes of Sugar Fermentation Harden and von Euler-Chelpin revealed how enzymes, coenzymes and phosphate cooperate to ferment sugar into alcohol.
生物化学与分子生物学
1929 Physiology or Medicine
Vitamins as essential dietary factors Eijkman linked rice husk to protection against beriberi, while Hopkins showed that minute dietary factors are necessary for normal growth.
生理与代谢 食物与农业
1929 Physics
Matter Waves De Broglie proposed that electrons and other particles have a wave nature, a foundational idea for quantum mechanics.
量子物理 衍射与结构分析
1928 Chemistry
Sterols and Vitamin D Windaus connected sterols with bile acids and showed how ultraviolet light forms vitamin D from ergosterol.
生物化学与分子生物学
1928 Physiology or Medicine
How typhus is spread Nicolle showed that body lice transmit typhus, providing a basis for measures to prevent its spread.
传染病与微生物
1928 Physics
Thermionic emission Richardson explained the emission of electrons from heated metals and formulated its temperature-dependent law.
物理学
1927 Chemistry
Bile acids and related compounds Wieland charted the composition of bile acids, clarifying their role in intestinal absorption and their links with related natural compounds.
有机化学
1927 Physiology or Medicine
Malaria inoculation for dementia paralytica Wagner-Jauregg developed a fever therapy using malaria inoculation for dementia paralytica.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1927 Physics
Scattering and tracks Compton established X-ray scattering as a photon process, while Wilson’s cloud chamber made charged-particle tracks visible.
物理学 仪器与探测
1926 Chemistry
Disperse systems and ultracentrifugation Svedberg’s studies of colloidal systems supported the molecular theory of matter and introduced ultracentrifugation for measuring molecular weight.
化学 分离与分析
1926 Physiology or Medicine
Experimental cancer induction claim Fibiger linked a rat roundworm to cancer in animal experiments; the Nobel Facts page notes vitamin A deficiency was the primary cause.
传染病与微生物
1926 Physics
Molecular reality Perrin used sedimentation equilibrium and Brownian motion to establish experimental evidence for the molecular structure of matter.
物理学
1925 Chemistry
Colloid heterogeneity and ultramicroscopy Zsigmondy used ultramicroscopy to reveal and measure the heterogeneous particle structure of colloidal solutions.
化学 显微技术
1925 Physics
Electron impacts and atomic energy Franck and Hertz used electron impacts in gas to show that atoms absorb energy in discrete amounts.
原子与光学物理
1924 Physiology or Medicine
String galvanometer and electrocardiography Einthoven made the heart's weak electrical currents measurable and used electrocardiograms to study its function and disease.
生理与代谢 仪器与探测
1924 Physics
Precision X-ray spectroscopy Siegbahn improved the apparatus and methods for mapping X-ray spectra, strengthening the empirical basis for atomic and quantum physics.
量子物理 光谱与共振
1923 Chemistry
Organic micro-analysis Fritz Pregl made accurate elemental analysis of organic substances possible with quantities far smaller than earlier methods required.
有机化学 分离与分析
1923 Physiology or Medicine
Discovery of insulin Banting and Macleod's work enabled insulin to be extracted from the pancreas and used to treat diabetes.
生理学与医学
1923 Physics
Quantized electric charge Millikan's oil-drop experiments precisely measured the electron's charge and showed that electric charge appears in equal units.
量子物理
1922 Chemistry
Mass spectrograph and isotopes Francis William Aston used the mass spectrograph to reveal isotopes in non-radioactive elements and formulate the whole-number rule.
核物理 光谱与共振
1922 Physiology or Medicine
Muscle energetics and lactic acid metabolism Hill and Meyerhof established complementary physical and chemical accounts of how muscle performs work and recovers.
生理与代谢
1922 Physics
Quantum Atomic Structure Bohr used quantum theory to explain how discrete electron transitions produce the characteristic radiation of atoms.
量子物理 光谱与共振
1921 Chemistry
The isotope concept Frederick Soddy showed that chemically identical atoms can differ in mass and radioactive properties, establishing the concept of isotopes.
核物理
1921 Physics
Photoelectric Effect The law linking light energy to electron emission, a cornerstone of quantum physics.
量子物理
1920 Chemistry
The heat theorem Walther Hermann Nernst linked low-temperature heat measurements to chemical affinity, making chemical equilibria calculable from thermochemical data.
物理化学
1920 Physiology or Medicine
Capillary regulation of oxygen supply Krogh showed that working muscle gains oxygen-exchange surface as capillaries open in response to demand.
生理与代谢
1920 Physics
Invar Nickel-Steel Alloy A nickel-steel alloy that scarcely changes size with temperature, improving precision measurement.
材料科学 精密测量
1919 Physiology or Medicine
Antibodies and complement in immunity Bordet showed that specific antibodies and complement proteins work together to destroy bacteria and made their interaction useful for disease detection.
免疫学
1919 Physics
Spectra in electric fields Stark used fast canal-ray ions and strong electric fields to show how motion and fields alter the light emitted by atoms.
原子与光学物理 光谱与共振
1918 Chemistry
Synthesizing ammonia from air Fritz Haber developed a method that combines nitrogen and hydrogen to make ammonia, creating a practical source of nitrogen fertilizer.
物理化学 催化 食物与农业
1918 Physics
The quantum of action Planck introduced energy quanta to explain black-body radiation, establishing the constant that became fundamental to quantum physics.
量子物理
1917 Physics
Characteristic X-ray spectra Barkla showed that each element gives a distinct secondary X-ray spectrum, making X-radiation a tool for atomic research.
原子与光学物理 光谱与共振
1915 Chemistry
Chlorophyll's molecular composition Richard Willstätter showed that chlorophyll is a mixture of two forms and that magnesium is essential to its structure.
化学 能源与气候
1915 Physics
X-ray diffraction reveals crystal structure The Braggs made X-ray diffraction a practical way to determine how atoms are arranged in crystals.
物理学 衍射与结构分析
1914 Chemistry
Precision in atomic weights Theodore William Richards developed precise methods that corrected atomic-weight values for a number of elements.
化学 精密测量
1914 Physiology or Medicine
Thermal testing of the vestibular apparatus Bárány connected warm and cold irrigation of the ear with opposite eye movements, establishing a functional test of the balance system.
生理与代谢
1914 Physics
Crystal diffraction reveals X-ray waves Max von Laue used a crystal to produce X-ray diffraction, showing both that X-rays behave as waves and that crystals have ordered lattice structures.
物理学 衍射与结构分析
1913 Chemistry
Coordination theory Alfred Werner explained the structures of complex inorganic compounds through coordination numbers and spatial arrangements.
化学
1913 Physiology or Medicine
Anaphylaxis: sensitization rather than immunity Richet showed that a small initial exposure can make a later exposure trigger a severe, delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
免疫学
1913 Physics
Liquid helium opens low-temperature physics Heike Kamerlingh Onnes developed low-temperature experiments that produced liquid helium and revealed superconductivity in mercury.
凝聚态物理
1912 Chemistry
Grignard Reagents · Catalytic Hydrogenation Two foundational methods for constructing and transforming organic molecules.
有机化学 催化
1912 Physiology or Medicine
Vascular suturing for transplantation Carrel developed reliable vascular sutures that restored circulation and enabled experimental organ transplantation.
免疫学
1912 Physics
Automatic lighthouse lighting Gustaf Dalén made acetylene lighthouse and buoy lights safer and far more economical with automatic flashing and daylight-regulating valves.
物理学
1911 Chemistry
Radium and polonium Marie Curie established radium as a chemical element while advancing the study of radioactivity.
核物理
1911 Physiology or Medicine
The optics of the eye Gullstrand used advanced mathematics to account for refraction and image formation in the eye’s changing, layered lens.
神经科学
1911 Physics
Laws of thermal radiation Wilhelm Wien established laws relating a black body’s temperature to its radiation spectrum, including the displacement law for its intensity maximum.
物理学
1910 Chemistry
Terpenes and alicyclic compounds Otto Wallach made the volatile mixtures in essential oils tractable, establishing a new branch of organic chemistry and advancing its industrial use.
有机化学
1910 Physiology or Medicine
The chemistry of the cell nucleus Kossel clarified the chemical components of cells, including proteins and nucleic substances that became central to genetics.
生物化学与分子生物学
1910 Physics
Equation of state for gases and liquids Johannes Diderik van der Waals connected pressure, volume and temperature for gases and liquids by accounting for molecular attraction and critical temperature.
物理学
1909 Chemistry
Catalysis and reaction rates Wilhelm Ostwald made catalysis and reaction speed measurable problems, linking chemical kinetics to processes in industry and living organisms.
物理化学 催化
1909 Physiology or Medicine
Thyroid function and safer surgery Kocher showed why functioning thyroid tissue must be preserved and made operations for goitre safer.
生理学与医学
1909 Physics
Wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun advanced the practical transmission of radio signals over long distances.
物理学
1908 Chemistry
Radioactive transformation Ernest Rutherford showed that radioactive elements transform and established that alpha particles are helium atoms.
核物理
1908 Physiology or Medicine
Two routes to immunity Mechnikov described phagocytes that engulf microbes, while Ehrlich explained antibodies and receptors that counter bacterial toxins.
免疫学
1908 Physics
Interference colour photography Gabriel Lippmann developed a method that recorded colour through light-wave interference in a photographic emulsion.
原子与光学物理
1907 Chemistry
Cell-free fermentation Eduard Buchner showed that yeast extract without living cells can ferment sugar to alcohol, revealing that enzymes drive the process.
生物化学与分子生物学
1907 Physiology or Medicine
Protozoa as causes of disease Laveran showed that malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite in red blood cells, opening the study of pathogenic protozoa.
生理学与医学
1907 Physics
Interferometric precision measurement Albert A. Michelson used light-wave interference to make exceptionally precise measurements and reveal fine spectral structure.
物理学 光谱与共振
1906 Chemistry
Fluorine and the electric furnace Henri Moissan isolated fluorine and introduced an electric-arc furnace that enabled high-temperature chemical research.
化学
1906 Physiology or Medicine
Making neurons visible Golgi’s silver stain made individual nerve cells visible, and Ramón y Cajal used it to show that neurons are separate cells linked by synapses.
神经科学
1906 Physics
Electrons in gas-discharge experiments J.J. Thomson’s experiments with cathode rays established electrons as charged particles that are part of atoms.
物理学
1905 Chemistry
The birth of dyeing Adolf von Baeyer’s studies of organic dyes made synthetic indigo practical and advanced the chemical understanding of pigments.
有机化学
1905 Physiology or Medicine
Tuberculosis as an infectious disease Koch’s discovery and description of the TB bacterium put tuberculosis on a bacteriological footing and informed efforts to prevent its spread.
传染病与微生物
1905 Physics
Cathode rays beyond the discharge tube Philipp Lenard’s aluminium-window tube made cathode rays accessible outside the tube for experimental study.
物理学
1904 Chemistry
A new family of elements William Ramsay revealed the noble gases in air and established their place as a distinct family in the periodic system.
化学
1904 Physiology or Medicine
How the nervous system regulates digestion Pavlov’s chronic experiments made digestion observable in normal conditions and showed how nervous activity influences digestive secretion and movement.
生理与代谢
1904 Physics
The hidden gas in air Precise density measurements revealed that atmospheric nitrogen contained an unknown component: argon.
物理学
1903 Chemistry
Electrolytes become ions Svante Arrhenius explained how dissolved substances dissociate into charged ions, linking electrical conduction in solutions with chemical change.
化学
1903 Physiology or Medicine
Phototherapy for lupus vulgaris Finsen developed concentrated-light treatment for lupus vulgaris, helping establish scientific phototherapy.
生理学与医学
1903 Physics
The discovery of radioactivity Becquerel discovered spontaneous radioactivity, and the Curies’ joint investigations isolated the highly radioactive elements polonium and radium.
核物理
1902 Chemistry
Sugars and purines Emil Fischer’s syntheses and structural studies of sugars and purines connected organic chemistry to biological molecules.
有机化学
1902 Physiology or Medicine
Malaria transmission by mosquitoes Ross traced stages of the malaria parasite in mosquitoes, laying a foundation for research and methods to combat malaria.
传染病与微生物
1902 Physics
Light in a magnetic field Lorentz’s electron theory explained Zeeman’s observation that magnetic fields split spectral lines.
凝聚态物理 光谱与共振
1901 Chemistry
Chemical dynamics and solutions Van 't Hoff connected molecular theory, chemical equilibrium and osmotic pressure, providing foundations for physical chemistry.
物理化学
1901 Physiology or Medicine
Serum therapy against diphtheria Behring introduced serum from immune horses to cure and prevent diphtheria.
生理学与医学 医学与治疗
1901 Physics
The discovery of X-rays Röntgen discovered a penetrating, previously unknown radiation while studying cathode radiation.
物理学
Prize motivation Official wording “for the development of metal–organic frameworks”
Laureates · Who did what? 贡献概览 · 3 位获奖者 Susumu Kitagawa Demonstrated stable gas adsorption and developed flexible MOFs. 实验 · 实证 工程 · 成熟 Kyoto University, Japan 奖金份额 · 1/3 获奖时约 74 岁 Richard Robson Proposed and demonstrated rationally designed open molecular frameworks. 概念 · 理论 实验 · 实证 University of Melbourne, Australia 奖金份额 · 1/3 获奖时约 88 岁 Omar M. Yaghi Established stable, highly porous frameworks and systematic structural variation. 概念 · 理论 工程 · 成熟 University of California, Berkeley, United States 奖金份额 · 1/3 获奖时约 60 岁
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials in which metal ions and long carbon-based molecules form crystals with built-in cavities. By varying the building blocks, specific substances can be captured and stored inside the cavities. Following pioneering work by Richard Robson, around the turn of the millenium, Susumu Kitagawa and Omar Yaghi developed more flexible and stable MOFs. These are possible to use, for example, to harvest water from desert air, capture carbon dioxide, store toxic gases or catalyse chemical reactions.
Scientific contribution Research synthesis Development of metal–organic frameworks Susumu Kitagawa · Richard Robson · Omar M. Yaghi Question Can molecular building blocks be linked into designed, stable architectures with large and tunable internal cavities?
Advance Robson pioneered open framework structures, while Kitagawa and Yaghi developed flexible and stable metal–organic frameworks whose properties can be tuned through their building blocks.
Significance MOFs enable selective capture, storage, separation and catalysis, with applications including water harvesting, carbon dioxide capture and hydrogen storage.
Lecture slides Official lecture materials
Research sources 6 references 